Down syndrome is a genetic condition in which a person has extra chromosome 21 material. It can affect how the brain and body develop, but abilities, health needs and life experiences differ widely between individuals.
Types of Down syndrome
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention describes three forms: trisomy 21, translocation Down syndrome and mosaic Down syndrome. Trisomy 21, in which cells have three separate copies of chromosome 21, is the most common.
Development and health
Low muscle tone and differences in learning, speech or motor development are common, but the degree varies. Some people also have congenital heart defects, hearing or vision difficulties, thyroid conditions, sleep apnoea or other health needs.
Support across life
Early intervention, appropriate education, speech and physical therapies, and regular health care can support development and wellbeing. Support should be based on the individual rather than assumptions about what a person can achieve.
People with Down syndrome participate in education, employment, relationships and community life. Respectful language and access to appropriate medical and social support are central to inclusion.
