The kidneys filter waste and extra fluid from the blood, balance minerals and support several other body functions. Kidney disease includes conditions that damage this filtering system or affect kidney structure.
Acute and chronic disease
Acute kidney injury develops over hours or days and can be caused by severe illness, reduced blood flow, obstruction or certain medicines. Chronic kidney disease develops over months or years. Diabetes and high blood pressure are major causes in adults, but inherited, immune and structural conditions can also be responsible.
Symptoms may appear late
The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases notes that early chronic kidney disease often causes no symptoms. Advanced disease may cause swelling, fatigue, appetite loss, nausea, itching, muscle cramps or changes in urination, but these symptoms have many possible causes.
How kidney function is checked
Two central tests are a blood test used to estimate glomerular filtration rate and a urine test for albumin. The NIDDK testing guide recommends assessment for people at risk, including those with diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease or a family history of kidney failure.
Protecting kidney health
Managing blood pressure and diabetes, avoiding tobacco and reviewing medicines with a clinician can reduce risk or slow progression. Dietary and fluid advice must be individualized. Sudden reduction in urine, severe swelling, confusion, breathlessness or rapidly worsening illness needs urgent assessment.
