Chronic venous insufficiency occurs when leg veins have difficulty moving blood back toward the heart. Weakened vein walls or damaged valves allow blood to pool in the legs, increasing pressure in the veins.

Symptoms

The National Library of Medicine describes aching, heaviness, swelling, itching, skin colour changes and varicose veins among possible signs. Long-standing disease can cause thickened skin or venous ulcers, particularly near the ankles.

Diagnosis

A clinician reviews symptoms and examines the legs. Duplex ultrasound may be used to assess blood flow, valve function and possible obstruction. Sudden one-sided swelling, warmth, chest pain or breathlessness requires urgent assessment because a blood clot must be considered.

Treatment

Management may include regular walking, avoiding long periods of immobility, elevating the legs and weight management where relevant. Compression stockings can help some people, but correct pressure and fit should be selected with professional advice, particularly when arterial disease may also be present.

Persistent symptoms, skin changes or ulcers may need specialist treatment. Options can include procedures that close or remove an affected vein. The appropriate approach depends on the vein pattern, symptoms and general health.