Dyspepsia, commonly called indigestion, describes a group of symptoms affecting the upper digestive tract. It may happen occasionally or become persistent. Heartburn can occur at the same time, but it is a separate condition.

Common symptoms

The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases lists upper-abdominal pain, burning or discomfort; feeling full too early during a meal; uncomfortable fullness after eating; bloating; nausea; and belching.

Possible causes

Many persistent cases are classified as functional dyspepsia, a disorder involving how the gut and brain interact. Other possible causes include peptic ulcers, Helicobacter pylori infection and certain medicines. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, some antibiotics, iron supplements and other medicines can contribute in some people.

Foods and drinks are not a universal cause, although particular items may trigger or worsen symptoms for an individual.

Diagnosis and treatment

A healthcare professional may review symptoms, medicines and medical history, then decide whether testing is needed. Depending on the circumstances, tests may include an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, imaging, or testing for H. pylori. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include dietary adjustments or appropriate medicine.

When to seek medical care

Prompt assessment is important for chest, jaw, neck or arm pain; difficulty swallowing; frequent vomiting; blood in vomit; black stools; severe persistent abdominal pain; unexplained weight loss; jaundice; shortness of breath; or symptoms that do not improve.