Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive brain disorder and the most common cause of dementia. It gradually affects memory, thinking, language, behaviour and the ability to manage everyday activities.

Symptoms and diagnosis

Early changes can include memory loss that disrupts daily life, repeated questions, difficulty handling familiar tasks, confusion about time or place, and changes in judgement or personality. These are not an inevitable part of ageing.

The National Institute on Aging explains that assessment can include medical history, cognitive and functional testing, laboratory tests and brain imaging. Clinicians also look for other causes such as medicine effects, sleep disorders, depression, stroke or infection.

Treatment and support

There is currently no cure. Some medicines may temporarily improve or stabilize symptoms, while certain anti-amyloid treatments can slow decline in selected people with early Alzheimer’s disease. The treatment decision requires specialist assessment because eligibility, monitoring and risks differ.

Routines, physical activity where appropriate, communication support, safety planning and caregiver support can improve daily life. Sudden confusion should receive prompt medical attention because it may have an acute, treatable cause.